So, I don't particularly believe that golden gun is very overpowered in pvp, in fact I think it might be the most balanced of the supers (the solar warlock one might need a buff to movement speed I dunno, but that's another story), but I do think it sucks in pve unless you wanna take out thrall or other low tier enemies.
Anyway, the change I propose would mean a slight nerf in pvp, depending upon how you look at it and a buff in pve. So what if golden gun required a charge and the charge time is proportional to damage inflicted. So there would be a "sweet spot" in crucible, I'd make it fairly short only half a second or so, to kill a guardian, with peak damage being reached after a few seconds. I dont think the gun should auto fire once fully charged like a fusion rifle, but rather hold it like a plasma pistol. Since the golden gun timer itself is your hurry up. This would mean a full charge could deal respectable damage on pve enemies also.
I just pulled these figures out of my ass here, but I think the overall idea isn't a bad one and would address most complaints about golden gun that people have.
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GG is pretty fuking awesome for pve probably the best super to have in Vog during most fight... Using your GG as the oracle spawn before Templar fight help so much it`s either minus 4 oracles or minus 1-3 oracles and a few hob, using GG as the Templar shield goes down will help you take down those individual shields that spawn around player... Just these two utilities (which are combined during atheon fight) make it one of the best super for pve and there is plenty more great usage for it. In my opinion the best logical fix or buff to make it a better damage dealer in pve without affecting it in pvp would be to allow crit shot with GG. Since 1 body shot is enought to kill a guardians it would not really change much in pvp except for the pleasure to see yellow numbers on your screen and in pve it would make it a great dps super but you have to aim more carefully.