He can't time travel and he never goes straight for the kill and to top it off he's notorious for being insanely dumb. For every boss battle he hlenters he attempts to talk to the boss before the fight officially starts in his eyes, whether they can talk back of not even if they are already attacking, examples being Broly, buu, janemba in both forms and the androids. The time he wastes attempting to talk to atheon to understand his plan is more than enought time for him to be teleported. And seeing as to how atheon is new to him and goku is curious as hell he will wait a bit to see what moves atheon has before he goes all out. You also have to take into account what power level goku is at and how long hes been that way for him to sustain it. As for the talking bit the more powered up he is the less he talks however instead of dodging and questioning he would dodge and talk shit and possibly mock atheon because he can be rather rash and over confident. After atheon teleports him either to the past or future goku could use instant transmission but he's still in that time just in a different place. He has no way to track atheon seeing as to how he's a machine and doesn't give off a sensible power source (Android saga proved that off the bat, they adapted but this is all new for him) plus the oracles and relic would be left behind leaving goku blind, lost and rapidly running out of power til something or someone kills him. The end. And he has noone to get energy from. Rewatch the buu saga or at least the end of it and it has to be from willing people. It's him vs the destiny universe. No gaurdians on his side. No king kai to attempt to guide him through something he's never seen either and no dende which means no dragon balls. He's toast.