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Generally, it was a color of personal significance to a Jedi. For many, they chose to use a crystal emulating the traditional color of their branch (Blue for Guardians, Green for Consulars, Yellow/Orange for Sentinels). However, some exceptions chose to use a color that held meaning to them, or was reminiscent of their master's saber. Thus Mace Windu's Purple saber, or Ahsoka using a green saber despite matching the criteria of a Guardian.
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Mace windu was given the purple crystals from some tribe he helped or something along those lines if I remember correctly.
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Crystalline aliens, of whom he accidentally murdered one. That's the crystal of his saber, as a reminder to remain calm. It'd be like if Anakin had taken a Krayt Dragon pearl or somesuch from the Tuskens he slaughtered as a reminder to not lose his temper.
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The lightsaber colors come from the crystal inside the hilt. The color is chosen by the maker, but they are generally representative of the kind of Jedi the person is. Blue is the color of the Jedi Guardian, who are pretty much the warriors of the Jedi and specialize in lightsaber combat. Green signifies the Jedi Consular, who are the more force focused Jedi. Yellow represents the Jedi Sentinel, who are pretty much undercover, spy Jedi, who focus in other abilities. Ultimately you don't actually have to use the blade color representative of the branch of Jedi you are in. I believe Ahsoka was a Jedi Guardian, yet she used a green lightsaber.
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Edited by GingerlyWalnut3: 8/25/2015 12:28:54 AMThe color of the blade depends on the Kaibur crystal that is used to construct the Lightsaber.
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Unless it was from another source or was synthesized.