So what you're basically saying is that everything could not move with the earth and that we would be flung around by the rotation. We gan see this is action by jumping in a train and then being throw several feet backwards, oh wait, we don't. Let's take a airplane as an example, if we were still in the airplane while the airplane was moving at ~1000mph, if we then stood up in the middle of the airplane we'd be flund backwards at 1000mph smashing into the nearest surface and breaking multiple bones, if you're lucky enough to survive that is. Now this does not happened, does it? If you stand up in an airplane you don't even feel anything odd at all. This is because we move with the airplane, when the airplane goes 1000mph, so do we. We only feel as if we're being pushed against our seats when something accelerates, if your body is traveling at 80mph and the speed of the car goes to 100mph, you'll feel as if you're pushed against your seat for a few seconds because the object you're in is faster than your body leading to you being pushed back before can adapt. The reverse effect is seen in car crashes or unexpected stops. If your body is moving at 80mph and the car suddernly stops, your body will not have time to apadt and will be flung forward at 80mph. We only notice the speed of it changes or we look at something outside the thing creating the speed(looking at trees and such from trains). This is exactly how it works with the atmosphere and earth. We'll never be affected by the rotation unless it changes because we're moving at the same speed the earth is rotating, so is everything within the atmosphere. The same way as going on a train, you can only see the speed of everything from the outside, same way we can only see the earth's rotation from outside the atmosphere. If your example was real, you wouldn't be able to talk in supersonic planes, yet you can. Everything inside the plane is moving as fast as the plane meaning that nothing will be different in the plane if its sitting still or moving faster than mach 1. If everything in the universe got twice as large we wouldn't be able to notice because everything is still just as large compared to each other. Same way as everything moving at 1000mph won't be any different from everything being still because they'll still have exactly the same properties compared to each other.