It depends on the consumable. Most have the option to discard (ie cores/spoils etc), some only have the option to use/consume them (holochips), and others such as Luminescent Seed have to be placed in world and cannot be dismantled. For Luminescent Seed specifically, if that's the reason you're asking, they're aware of an issue with being able to get more of them than you actually need and as a result you will be stuck with any excess with no way to get rid of them.