No.
The amount of volume of empty space is not only theoretically infinite, the volume of our solar system is so large that it is practically incalculable by our mathematics.
If you had an astronomical object large enough to have a gravitational field capable of firmly captivating a mixture of gases, the. Theoretically, yes. However if this was the case, odds are it would already have an atmosphere of some proportion.
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Actually you could if it was normal air, but you can't just breathe pure oxygen. Yes, the gases from the balloons would spread forever, until they are captured by gravity, but maybe for a few moments it would work